2015年7月7日 星期二

對德軍發動「萬歲衝鋒」

在12月7日的珍珠港事件後,美國上下陷入了一種歇斯底里的氣氛中無法自拔,當美國人開始向日本帝國進行報復之前,日裔美國人卻成為了復仇的對象。高達12萬日裔美國人被強迫離開家園,而被關押在了集中營裡包括了老人和孩子。在事件之前,許多第二代日裔美國人(Nisei)服務於夏威夷第298和299國民警衛步兵營。當然,在美日戰爭爆發後,美軍當局也當然地判定這些人絕對不適宜繼續逗留在夏威夷地區。

按當時美軍動聽的說法:「我們並不是歧視他們,而是這裡不僅不適合他們,也難以想像他們如何去在這個戰場去戰鬥。」這些在第298和299國民警衛步兵營服役的日裔士兵們隨即被掃除了這兩個部隊,而被調派到了匆匆成立的「夏威夷臨時步兵營」(Hawaiian Provisional Infantry Battalion)。軍方對些日裔士兵的處理頗感頭痛,一方面表示了對他們的極度不信任,一方面又不敢講他們遣散,因為當時不少人認為將這些熟悉美軍內部事務又有很強軍事能力的日裔士兵放出軍營的危險太大。思前想後,陸軍部最後決定把他們派往歐洲戰場。

1942年7月,夏威夷臨時步兵營的士兵們在奧克蘭登陸,在那裡他們又被改編成了「第100獨立步兵營」(100th Infantry Battalion Separate)。他們同時在那裡接受歐戰的戰鬥訓練。直到1943年2月,第442步兵團中最著名的可能就是後來成為美國參議員的井上健,他也是一位榮譽勳章獲得者。在對德戰爭中他曾經一連擊毀三個德軍機槍火力點,自己也多處中彈並導致右臂截肢。或許是因為日裔的關係,在歐洲戰場這些日裔美國兵和他們在太平洋上的日本同胞一樣,多次發動萬歲衝鋒;不過在歐洲戰場他們倒屢屢得手。以下是一段描寫萬歲衝鋒的:

……One flanking conpany was driven back,but that was enough distraction for Sakato and E Conpany to advance-and for Sakatos great moment of bravery that was to earn him a Congressional Medal of Honor.Facing the enemy across an open clearing,he dodged forwards from foxhole to foxhole,killing five German soldiers and capturing four more.Then,as he stopped to reload,the platoon was pinned down by mortar and machine-gun fire.As his best friend Saburo Tanamachi died before his eyes,Sakato suddenly stood up and exhorted the others into the banzai charge.The Germans had never seen anything like these short,olive-skinned man yelling and screaming,firing from the hip and plunging into the field of fire.They fled in confusion. By early afternoon,the 442nd Second Battalion had knocked the Germans off the hilltop.The Germans had lost 110 dead and 42 captured;the attackers eight dead and ten wounded.Sakato had killed twelve,wounded two,caputred four and helped capture thirty-four others. Meanwhile,the other two battalions fought a savage battle for possession of a fortified narrow ridge grimly nicknamed Suicide Hill,which stood between the 442nd and the Lost Battalion.They staged another banzai charge,this time with bayonets.By nightfall,the whole hilly terrain was in 442 hands……

(442團)側翼的一個連被擊退,但卻起到了牽製作用,為Sakato和E連的前進提供了機會--也為Sakato展示勇氣提供了機會,他最終因此獲得國會榮譽勳章。當面對林間空地上的敵人時,Sakato從一個狐洞殺到另一個狐洞,一連殺死5名德軍、俘虜4人。隨後,當他停下換彈夾時,他所在的排被敵人的迫擊砲和機槍火力壓制;當他最好的朋友Saburo Tanamachi死在他面前時,Sakato突然一躍而起並召喚其他人一起發起萬歲衝鋒。看到一大群矮小、黃皮膚的士兵叫喊著衝殺過來,從沒見過這一架式的德國人紛紛潰逃了。當天下午,第442團2營已經將德國人趕下了山頭,德國人有110人死亡、42人被俘;攻擊者第442團有8人死亡、10人受傷。Sakato親手殺死了12人、打傷2人、俘虜4人,並協助俘虜了另外34人。同時,第442團的另2個營正在一座被稱為「自殺嶺」的防守嚴密的山嶺進行著血戰,這段山嶺阻隔著第442團和「失踪的營」。他們發起了又一次萬歲衝鋒,這次是刺刀衝鋒。到了晚上,整個高地都已落入第442團之手……

……Reaching the top of a stone wall, Kim stood and waved the men forward. Suddenly German bullets tore through the air and Kim fell to the ground. In the midst of the furious exchange, Staff Sergeant Robert Ozaki was enraged at the sudden death or capture of the brave lieutenant. Almost reflexively he shouted over the din of battle,Fix Bayonets. With yells of "Banzai" the entire front line of Nisei rose and advanced on the German guns. The first bayonet charge in Italy of World War II, coupled with the tenacious"Banzai"attack, stunned the Germans. As the line broke over the wall, they found their lieutenant...alive and throwing grenades at the enemy machinegun nests……

……當抵達石牆時,Kim(指第100營少有的韓裔美軍Young Oak Kim)站了起來並召喚士兵前進。突然德軍的子彈將Kim射倒在地。在激烈交火中,軍士Robert Ozaki被Kim的突然死亡或被俘激怒,他喊道:「上刺刀!」整條日裔美軍戰線同時爆發「banzai」的呼聲向德軍衝去。這是二戰意大利戰場的第一次刺刀衝鋒,在日裔美軍兇猛的「banzai」攻擊下,德國人震驚了。當美軍突破到石牆時,他們發現Kim還活著,正在朝敵軍的機槍陣地投擲手榴彈……

沒有留言:

張貼留言